Parent–child relationship and parents' psychological well‐being among Malaysian families amid pandemic: The role of stress and gender

The COVID‐19 pandemic has taken most part of the world by surprise. The orders of nationwide movement control and social distancing by the Malaysian authority to curb the spread of the airborne virus have sent working‐class families into a novel work‐from‐home condition. This study aimed to examine the association between positive experiences in parent–child relationships, parental stress and working parents' psychological well‐being in Malaysia during the pandemic by considering the mediating role of parental stress and the moderating role of parental gender role. A total of 214 working‐from‐home parents (Mage = 46.39;SDage = 9.06;51.9% working mothers;76.6% Chinese) participated in a cross‐sectional quantitative online survey. A significant positive relationship was found between parent–child relationships and parents' psychological well‐being. Parental stress was negatively correlated with parent–child relationships and parents' psychological well‐being. Meanwhile, parental stress significantly mediates the link between parent–child relationships and parents' psychological well‐being. Besides, parental gender role was found to be a significant moderator where fathers experience better psychological well‐being when they have more positive parent–child relationships. The findings further support the importance of positive interaction between parents and children and parental stress, which could affect parents' psychological well‐being. This study may fill a knowledge gap by providing an overview of working parents' psychological well‐being in their experience of working from home during the pandemic. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Child & Family Social Work is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

COVID-19 and homeschooling: factors of burden in women

The pandemic has increased the burden of household work for everyone, but women have been especially hard hit because of their traditional role as caregivers. As schools and childcare services closed, women were forced to assume responsibil-ity for the education and care of children and other family members. In addition, increased economic uncertainty has led to women being primarily responsible for finding work and providing income for their families. © GKA Ediciones, authors. Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada.

Change in women's work burden and gender norms of unpaid care work after the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant lockdown has increased the burden of unpaid care work. Hence it is essential to evaluate the crisis response in change of women's work burden and gender norms of their unpaid care work and social status. OBJECTIVE: To investigate change in women's job roles after second the wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on physical and psychological burden of work along with identification of common contributors of gendering of care work. METHOD: Using a structured questionnaire and simple random sampling technique, the study was conducted on married women (n = 691) in West Bengal, India after the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Significant job loss (p = 0.014) occurred during COVID-19. Unpaid care work increased (p = 0.04) with reduction in rest hours (p = 0.002). 62.3% women felt increased burden of work. Work burden score increased with age (p = 0.003), reduction of rest (p < 0.001) and increased care work (p = 0.022). Gendering occurred due to male partner's less contribution to care work and respondents' cognitive agreement with expected gender role. Gendering of work is less in urban areas (OR = 0.379, p = 0.008) and higher income group (OR = 5.37, p = 0.026). Women faced more gendering in case of job loss (OR = 9.27, p = 0.001) or if burdened with work (OR = 3.92, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The impact of employability of women on their work role during the COVID-19 outbreak has highlighted both theoretical and practical significance that opens up the scope of further studies at national and larger ethno-geographic levels.

"I've Got More of a Role to Play": Australian Fathers' Perspectives on Parenting Through the Lens of COVID-19 Lockdown

Using interviews with 15 Australian fathers, we explored the impact of having spent time in COVID-19 lockdown on men's views of their relationship with their children and family-work life balance. All interviewees were married to women and living with their children, most were employed and working full-time. Three themes were identified from the interviews: an ongoing desire to be present as a father, benefits to being present through COVID-19 lockdowns for self as a father and for the children, and conflicting pressures from workplaces and at home which were barriers to being present. Survey data 1 year later revealed that many of these fathers had shifted their work patterns because of their lockdown experience. Shifts in workplace culture and behavior were identified as supporting flexible working arrangements. Despite the immediate challenges of lockdown, it provided the opportunity for some fathers to reevaluate their priorities resulting in long-term changes in working patterns.

Employment and accommodation needs and the effect of COVID-19 on men and women with traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacts an individual's workforce involvement post-injury. Support services and workplace accommodations that can help with work re-integration post-TBI may differ based on a person's sex and gender. The added impact of COVID-19 remains under-explored. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the support services and workplace accommodation needs and the impact of COVID-19 on work and mental health for persons with TBI, considering sex and gender. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was distributed. Descriptive and regression analyses were applied to uncover sex and gender differences, along with content analysis for open-ended responses. RESULTS: Thirty-two persons with TBI (62% women, 38% men) participated. Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and counselling services were indicated as the most needed services by women and men. Modified hours/days and modified/different duties were the most needed workplace accommodations. Mental challenges impacting well-being was a highlighted concern for both men and women. Women scored poorer on the daily activity domain of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury - Overall Scale (p = 0.02). Assistance with daily activities was highlighted by women for a successful transition to work, including housekeeping and caregiving. Men were more likely than women to experience change in employment status because of COVID-19 (p = 0.02). Further, a higher percentage of men expressed concern about the inability to pay for living accommodations, losing their job, and not having future job prospects. CONCLUSION: Findings reveal important differences between men and women when transitioning to work post-TBI and emphasize the need for sex and gender considerations.

Sex and gender role differences on stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in response to the COVID-19 pandemic over time.

Introduction: Stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms have been reported during the pandemic, with important inter-individual differences. Past cross-sectional studies have found that sex and gender roles may contribute to the modulation of one's vulnerability to develop such symptoms. This longitudinal study aimed to examine the interaction of sex and psychological gender roles on stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Following the confinement measures in March 2020 in Montreal, stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms were assessed every 3 months (from June 2020 to March 2021) with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale among 103 females and 50 males. Femininity and masculinity scores were assessed with the Bem Sex Role Inventory before the pandemic and were added as predictors along with time, sex, and the interactions between these variables using linear mixed models. Results: We observed similar levels of depressive symptoms between males and females, but higher levels of stress and anxious symptoms in females. No effects of sex and gender roles on depressive symptoms were found. For stress and anxiety, an interaction between time, femininity, and sex was found. At the beginning of the pandemic, females with high femininity had more stress symptoms than males with high femininity, whereas females with low femininity had more anxiety symptoms 1 year after the confinement measures compared to males with low femininity. Discussion: These findings suggest that sex differences and psychological gender roles contribute to heterogeneous patterns of stress and anxiety symptoms over time in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 and mandatory telework: effects on gender roles and work family conflicts among Japanese dual-career regular employees with children

This study empirically investigates some of the consequences of mandatory telework from home brought about by the first state of emergency following the outbreak of COVID-19 in Japan. There is yet scant research in Japan on the consequences of working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and this article disentangles the concepts of mandatory and involuntary telework. A survey of regular employees in dual income households with children retrospectively assessed the changes in gender role attitudes and work-family conflicts before and during forced telework from home in the Tokyo area in Spring 2020 and shed light on their first experience with telework. Mandatory telework, regardless of frequency, did not affect gender role attitudes among Japanese dual-career couples, and was associated with lower work-family conflict more so among women. Full mandatory telework resulted in higher satisfaction with one's work space at home for women, and a desire for more frequent telework among both genders, once COVID-19 is under control. These results can help individuals, firms, and governments understand the effects of mandatory telework and devise countermeasures supporting flexible work arrangements. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Japan Forum is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

[Narratives on changes in health-related behaviours during lockdown in Spain according to gender]. / Narrativas sobre cambios de conductas en salud durante el confinamiento en España según género.

OBJECTIVE: To explore experiences related to health-oriented behaviours during lockdown in the Spanish resident population from a gender perspective. METHOD: Qualitative research with a critical and feminist approach. Twenty-nine semi-structured interviews (17 women and 12 men) were conducted between June and July 2020 via telephone with people who had previously answered an online survey. The interviews were transcribed and a thematic content analysis was carried out, differentiating between the experiences of women and men. The data were triangulated by the research team. RESULTS: Among women, greater diversity emerged in terms of health behaviours. Among them, the difficult experiences related to COVID-19, the complexity of living together and doing unpaid care work, as well as the importance of support networks, stood out. Among men, there were different attitudes towards sport, self-care and having time for healthy eating were positively valued, and there was a good assessment of coexistence and organisation in household chores. In both men and women, work overload and economic problems were related to emotional distress and difficulties in carrying out healthy activities. CONCLUSIONS: Health-oriented behaviours during lockdown differed according to gender. They were mostly limited to COVID-19 experiences, socio-economic conditions and burden of care. It is essential to tailor public health and primary care programmes according to people's life moments, taking into account their social context and questioning traditional gender roles.

Juggling during Lockdown: Balancing Telework and Family Life in Pandemic Times and Its Perceived Consequences for the Health and Wellbeing of Working Women.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted work-family balance due to lockdown measures. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of working mothers in Spain and the consequences of trying to balance work and family for their health and wellbeing. We conducted a qualitative study based on 18 semi-structured interviews with mothers of children under 10. Five themes were identified: (1) Telework-characteristics and challenges of a new labor scenario; (2) Survival and chaos-inability to work, look after children, and manage a household at the same time; (3) Is co-responsibility a matter of luck?-challenges when sharing housework during lockdown; (4) Breakdown of the care and social support system; and (5) decline in health of women trying to balance work and family life. Mothers who had to balance telework against family life suffered physical, mental, and social effects, such as anxiety, stress, sleep deprivation, and relationship problems. This study suggests that, in situations of crisis, gender inequality increases in the household, and women tend to shift back to traditional gendered roles. Governments and employers should be made aware of this, and public policies should be implemented to facilitate work-family reconciliation and co-responsibility within couples.

Does economic power or leadership matter? The difference between male and female world leaders in managing pandemics

Factors that are typically associated with better disease prevention and control, such as the health care expenses and the wealth of a nation, are no longer reliable predictors of disease parameters during the Covid-19 pandemic. In fact, we see many developed nations suffering from more widespread infection, a higher mortality rate, and longer pandemic duration. We analyse the performance outcomes of female-led vs. male-led countries in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. We employ regression analysis based on the full sample as well as a propensity score matched sample emphasizing women's roles in society. In general, we provide some evidence that female-led countries exhibit lower numbers of total population-weighted cases and shorter pandemic duration. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Sex and Gender Multidimensionality in Epidemiologic Research.

Along with age and race, sex has historically been a core stratification and control variable in epidemiological research. While in recent decades research guidelines and institutionalized requirements have incorporated an approach differentiating biological sex from social gender, neither sex nor gender is itself a unidimensional construct. The conflation of dimensions within and between sex and gender presents a validity issue wherein proxy measures are used for dimensions of interest, often without explicit acknowledgement or evaluation. Individual-level dimensions of sex and gender are outlined as a guide for epidemiologists. Two case studies are presented. The first demonstrates how unacknowledged use of a sex/gender proxy for a sexed dimension of interest (uterine status) resulted in decades of cancer research misestimating risks, racial disparities, and age trends. The second illustrates how a multidimensional sex and gender framework may be applied to strengthen research on COVID-19 incidence, diagnosis, morbidity and mortality. Considerations are outlined, including 1) addressing the match between measures and theory, and explicitly acknowledging and evaluating proxy use; 2) improving measurement across dimensions and social ecological levels; 3) incorporating multidimensionality into research objectives; 4) interpreting sex, gender, and their effects as biopsychosocial.

Understanding innovative work behaviour of women in service firms

Globalisation, digitalisation, and deregulation are megatrends that demand smarter, diverse, and inclusive workplaces for harnessing full innovative potentials of workforces in developed and emerging economies. Motivated by this line of reasoning, this article investigates factors influencing women’s participation in innovative work behaviour (IWB), in an emerging economy context. Based on a qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 34 management employees in the Kuwaiti service sector, the article proposes a gender inclusive model supporting enhanced women’s IWB participation within service firms. The article concludes with discussions on the theoretical and managerial implications of the study and suggestions for future IWB research.

Introduction

17 See I Making Waves: French Feminisms and their Legacies 1975-2015 i , ed. by Margaret Atack, Alison S. Fell, Diana Holmes and Imogen Long (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2019) for the continuities between second-wave and post-#MeToo feminism in France. 8 Sarah Barnet-Weiser, Rosalind Gill and Catherine Rottenberg, 'Postfeminism, Popular Feminism and Neoliberal Feminism? This special issue of I Nottingham French Studies i began life as a May 2021 workshop on the theme of I Postfeminism à la française i , organized by me (Diana Holmes) in my role as Honorary Professor (2019-21) at the University of Nottingham's School of Cultures, Languages and Area Studies, and held online due to the restrictions imposed by Covid. [Extracted from the article]

Exploring gender role socialization and gender role attitudes in emerging young adult cisgender women

Young adult cisgender women at a university were the focus of this research in order to gain further understanding of how cisgender women experience gender role socialization and develop gender role attitudes. This study used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to answer the following research questions: (1) What is the experience of young adult cisgender women related to their childhood gender role socialization? (2) What is the experience of young adult cisgender women related to gender role attitudes? A total of seven participants completed video interviews with the researcher. Interviews were then transcribed, coded, and examined for meaning units and themes in order to answer the above questions. Two themes about the experience of gender socialization emerged: mother's influence and "pretty privilege" while four themes emerged from the experience of gender role attitudes: mother's influence, not wanting to be a stay-at-home mother, acceptance of women who choose not to have children, and experiences with gender bias. Analysis of the participants' descriptions of their lived experience revealed these themes, but future research should focus on the moderating experiences that contributed to the participants holding more egalitarian gender role attitudes in young adulthood despite being raised with primarily traditional gender role socialization. This gap precluded determining the structure of the experience of gender role socialization and gender role attitudes in this study. The potential impact of having conducted this research during the COVID-19 pandemic and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Negotiating Indonesian Married Women’s Agency in a Career : Work From Home Arrangement as a Possible Solution

Financial challenges have led to the emergence of dual-earner couples. Nonetheless, in male-dominated societies like Indonesia, women’s career involvement, although contributing to the household income, is not correlated with men’s contribution to the household task. A career is seen as a privilege for women because their primary value is conventionally anchored on marriage and family. International studies suggested that the Work From Home (WFH) arrangement is an effective solution to enable women to balance their work and family roles. While WFH was non-existent in Indonesia before the COVID-19 pandemic, the latter forced companies to adopt the former. This provided an opportunity to examine whether WFH can be a remedy for working Indonesian women to negotiate their work and family roles. Hence this study is aimed to look closely at the issue, comprising two general aims. First, it provides a general picture of current practices of division of gender in Indonesia using current literature. Second, using online survey data from 201 Indonesian workers, this report provides empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of WFH, particularly for married working women in Indonesia in negotiating their work and household roles. While describing current feminism issues in the non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies, the article also discusses the long-term practical strategy to empower Indonesian women in careers by emphasizing gender equality while acknowledging the men’s leadership role.

The Problem of Gender Inequality in Periodicals Today

The article addresses the problem of gender inequality in Ukrainian periodicals today. A detailed analysis of Ukrainian and foreign studies on the issue in question shows that women mostly deal with gender psychology. Besides, the article clarifies such concepts as “gender”, “gender psychology”, “gender equality”, “sexism”, and “feminism” and “gender inequality”. In 2021, a Swedish- Ukrainian project was signed that marks the campaign for overcoming inequality of rights between men and women. There is also the project initiated by the European Union (GENPATH). Furthermore, emphasis is placed on linguistic sexism and gender inequality in the Ukrainian government, politics, jurisprudence, healthcare. Considerable attention is paid to the most common violations of rights of women psychologists (motherhood, a lack of mentoring, uneven distribution of rights). Another issue is gender inequality in the family and its possible consequences. Quite noteworthy are findings on gender roles in European countries, sexism, and, most importantly, the significance of gender equality. One can see that the main reasons behind gender inequality for women are the dominance of men and, interestingly, the Covid-19 pandemic outburst. The article proves that the media cover men more often than women. Finally, it indicates that men find it hard to struggle with “the male crisis”. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Postmodern Openings / Deschideri Postmoderne is the property of Lumen Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Stress levels of healthcare workers in the COVID -19 pandemic in relation to gender roles: Is the problem limited to the work?

Objective: In addition to many medical consequences, COVID-19 pandemic has also caused some social changes especially for healthcare workers working in the front lines of the pandemic. However, this has not affected everyone equally and gender roles became a determinant especially in domestic life. Method: In this cross-sectional study with a sample of 670 healthcare workers in Turkey;a sociodemographic data form, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Gender Roles Attitude Scale (GRAS) were applied to examine stress levels and their relationship with gender roles. Results: Mean PSS scores were significantly higher in women (27.03) healthcare workers than men (23.14) Women who did all or most of the housework on their own were almost three times the men (67.2% vs 22.9%) and this increased stress levels of women. In the GRAS, female participants had higher scores (173.2) than male participants (161.8);which means they were more egalitarian, and academic degree or job did not affect GRAS. Discussion: Besides many challenges related with working in pandemic period;women healthcare workers face additional distress because of the gender roles. Analyzing the effects of the pandemic without gender dimensions may be insufficient to fully understand the public health aspect of the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Turkish) Amac: Covid-19 Pandemisi, ozellikle on safhada gorev alan saglik calisanlari uzerinde bircok tibbi etkinin yaninda, bazi sosyal degisimlere de neden olmustur. Ancak bu durum herkesi esit olarak etkilememekte, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ozellikle ev yasaminda etkili olmaktadir. Yontem: Turkiye'den 670 saglik calisani ile yapilan bu kesitsel calismada, sosyodemografik veri formu, Algilanan Stres Olcegi (ASO) ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Olcegi (TCRTO) uygulanmistir. Bulgular:Ortalama ASO skorlari kadin saglik calisanlarinda (27,03) erkeklere (23,14) oranla anlamli olarak yuksek bulundu. Tum ev isini tek basina yaptigini soyleyen kadinlarin orani erkeklerin uc kati idi (67.2%/ 22.9%) ve bu durum kadinlarin stres duzeyini yukseltiyordu. TCRTO'de kadinlar (173,2), daha esitlikci tutumu gosterecek sekilde erkeklerden (161,8) daha yuksek puan aldilar. Is kolu ya da akademik duzeyin cinsiyet rolleri uzerinde etkili olmadigi bulundu. Sonuc: Pandemi kosullarinda calismanin getirdigi bircok zorlugun yani sira, kadin saglik calisanlari cinsiyet rolleri nedeniyle daha fazla stres duzeyine sahiptir. Pandeminin getirdigi halk sagligi sorunlarini tam olarak anlayabilmek icin cinsiyet rollerinin de hesaba katilmasi gerekmektedir. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Work-Life Balance and Teleworking: Lessons Learned during the Pandemic on Gender Role Transformation and Self-Reported Well-Being.

Lockdown during COVID-19 forced the emergence of a new scenario, with men and women teleworkers spending all their time at home. The purpose of this study is to address whether this situation has triggered a transformation in gender roles and self-reported well-being, comparing the responses of male and female respondents to the EUROFOUND April to July 2020 survey. The analysis addresses cultural differences across European regions related to diverse gender regimes, employment status, and the possibility of teleworking. It explores male and female well-being through life satisfaction, the distance between happiness and life satisfaction, and rates their feelings about work-life balance. Findings on life satisfaction display a low transformation of social roles, with women still worrying about work-life balance, while men were more affected by the health crisis. Men self-report high life satisfaction across Europe compared to women, although unexpectedly, female freelancers in Northern and Southern European had a higher life satisfaction ratio than men. Both men and women teleworkers reported difficulties with managing work-life balance at home, despite women handling core care and household tasks. These findings suggest that women would have received more support from men, as they worked harder and longer hours during the lockdown, despite their weak position in the labor market. This would seem to be a propitious setting for men to have assumed more responsibility at home, resulting in a more equal distribution of roles at home.

A Pandemic-Defying Phenomenon: Gender Issue During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Turkey

This paper aims to analyse the gender-biased consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey through the views of working women and men who have experienced changes in their routines during the outbreak. Within this context, in-depth interviews were conducted with 216 participants, and they were asked to reply to the Masculine and Feminine Gender Role Stress Scale. As a result, gender-based discrimination has reinforced during the pandemic and inequalities have deepened. It is thought that the social impact of the pandemic was felt both by women and men, but more in women, and that these women lost some of the gains they had until the pandemic in the context of gender equality.

Gender differences in traumatic experiences, presenting symptoms, and resilience of Latinx immigrants

The purpose of this study was to assess how gender and gender role identification contribute to differences in Latinx immigrants' traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and resiliency. A hundred Latinx participants were recruited from a nonprofit organization in southern California as well as via Amazon Mturk and filled out a questionnaire. Participants were asked several demographic questions to determine their gender, country of origin, and age at immigration. Participants were given the Spanish version of the Traditional Gender Attitudes Scale to examine gender roles, the Spanish version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire to assess for traumatic experiences and presenting symptoms, and the Spanish version of the Brief Resilience Scale. Data was analyzed in SPSS, using a combination of independent group t-tests and simple regression. Results showed significant differences between groups based on gender as well as time of participation, with the online group completing the surveys after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. While hypothesized regression models were not shown to be significant, there were many significant findings in correlations between the study variables, with a notable negative relationship between gender role adherence and resiliency. Additionally, male participants and participants completing the study in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis reported significantly more traumatic experiences as well as overall distress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)